Prevalence of breast-feeding in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study and health service-related correlates of cessation of full breast-feeding.

OBJECTIVE: First, to describe the prevalence of both full and partial breast-feeding during the first 6 months; second, to study the associations between selected health service-related factors and cessation of full breast-feeding at three time intervals. DESIGN: Retrospective questionnaires, 6 months after birth. SETTING: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). SUBJECTS: In total, 29 621 women. RESULTS: While 96·6 %, 94·0 %, 90·8 %, 86·9 %, 83·8 % and 80·0 % of the infants were breast-fed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months, respectively, the corresponding proportions for full breast-feeding were 84·6 %, 79·1 %, 70·9 %, 44·0 %, 16·7 % and 2·1 %. An increased risk of cessation of full breast-feeding during the first month was associated with supplementation during the first week of life with water (relative risk (RR) 1·77; 95 % CI 1·52, 2·06), sugar water (RR 1·73; 95 % CI 1·49, 2·00) or formula (RR 5·99; 95 % CI 5·58, 6·42). An increased risk was also associated with Caesarean delivery (RR 1·08; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·16) and breast-feeding problems (RR 1·56; 95 % CI 1·45, 1·67). Between months 1 and 3, the risk of cessation of full breast-feeding remained elevated in the case of supplementation during the first week of life with water (RR 1·29; 95 % CI 1·14, 1·45), sugar water (RR 1·48; 95 % CI 1·34, 1·64) or formula (RR 1·18; 95 % CI 1·07, 1·29). The same applied to Caesarean delivery (RR 1·15; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·25). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation during the first week, breast-feeding problems and Caesarean delivery are associated with early cessation of full breast-feeding. The results support a cautious approach to supplementation during the first week of life.

European food and nutrition policies in action

This publication describes the experiences of those Member States of the WHO European Region that were among the first to develop food and nutrition policies as part of the regional strategy for health for all. It presents a vast array of experience, insights and points of view on current issues in nutrition policy-making across Europe. These problems, activities and hopes will occupy decision-makers and the public alike, as they take part in the process of defining the new Europe of the next century. The book addresses a wide audience: policy-makers and leaders in industry, agriculture, health, education, the environment, consumer affairs and the media, and indeed anyone who may be interested in food and nutrition. Its purpose is to acquaint readers with the experiences and lessons to be learned from other countries, and to encourage thoughtful discussion about what the rapidly changing context of Europe means for the nutrition and health of all Europeans, whose well-being is now more than ever interdependent.

Грудное вскармливание: как обеспечить успех

Матери, стремящиеся к грудному вскармливанию своих детей, часто полагаются на медицинских работников для получения рекомендаций относительно грудного вскармливания. Знания и отношение работников здравоохранения могут влиять на успех или неудачу грудного вскармливания. Однако формальное обучение работников здравоохранения тому, как помочь матерям справиться с процессом лактации, часто неадекватно. Этот документ предназначен для того, чтобы направлять работников здравоохранения в процесс оказания помощи матерям в грудном вскармливании.

Breastfeeding : how to support success : a practical guide for health workers / by Tine Vinther and Elisabet Helsing

Mothers eager to brestfeed their infants are often reliant on health workers for advice regarding breastfeeding. The knowledge and attitude of health workers can influence the success or failure of breastfeeding. However, the formal education of health workers on how to help mothers to cope with the process of lactation is often inadequate. This document is designed to guide health workers in the process of supporting mothers to breastfeed successfully

Guia práctica para una buena lactancia / Practical guide for good nursing

Contiene: Declinacion y resurgimiento de la lactancia; los consejos; anatomia de la mama y fisiologia de la lactancia; preparacion de la madre para la lactancia; establecimiento de la lactancia; problemas frecuentes en las primeras semanas de lactancia; los primeros meses; problemas comunes en los primeros meses de la lactancia; no solo de leche. suplementos y destete; la dieta de la madre; relacion y lactancia inducida; la alimentacion al pecho bajo condiciones especiales; niños con bajo peso al nacer; si el niño esta enfermo; cuando la madre se enferma; auxiliares mecanicos de la lactancia; expresion de las mamas, la medicion durante la lactancia; composicion de la leche humana; factores que afectan la lactancia; algunas ventajas de la alimentacion al pecho; elementos irracionales en las costumbres vigentes; las madres que trabajan fuera del hogar y la lactancia, leche humana en el futuro